Bogumil Pacak-Gamalski
Idea of this article came to me around November 11, Remembrance Day. I was going to write about places and people I knew, who took part in both the I and II world wars. I was lucky enough to know veterans of both wars. Either as family members or personal friends. Now they are all gone. Although I see their faces still etched in my memory. But, as I started writing, the text changed. Wars change inevitably to exoduses, expatritions, expulsions. The suffering of civilians. The Nagbases. Therefore I decided to write a series of scenes depicting the most important ones. Like in a theatre dramats. As I was writing I noticed how things often change, how oppressors become victims and vice versa.
Scene #1
It is 1914 in Galicia, on a train at railway station in Kiev, in Ukraine. Front line of Austro-Hungarian Empire and Russian Empire. Young nurse is tending to wounded and bloodied soldiers on that train. Zofia Lejmbach is that nurse. One of my great aunts. She learnt how to be a nurse in a Polish military organization called Rifle Groups (Drużyny Strzeleckie) organized by Polish independence movement few years prior to that war. Those wounded soldiers were not Polish soldiers, Poland did not exist as independent nation yet. Not until exactly 11 of November 1918. But it doesn’t matter for her what nationality are these soldiers – they needed help, that was all that matter. Later she will become one of the leading Polish pediatricians, professor and v-ce Rector of Warsaw Medical Academy. That was many years later, though. After 1945.
Scene #2
It is thirty years after her experience as a nurse in Kiev. It is 1944. Different world war, #2. August in German occupied Warsaw. Soviet armies are marching west through Poland, battling the German Nazi Empire of Evil. Polish Underground Home Army (AK) starts the tragic Warsaw Uprising, trying to liberate Warsaw from Germans before the Soviet Army enters the city. Young doctor Zofia Lejmbach is the Chief of the Underground Army Sanitary Department for the entire Warsaw District. Organizes make-shift hospitals for wounded partisans of Warsaw. The Polish Underground Home Army (AK) represents Polish Republic Government In- exile in London. The Soviets don’t want them to liberate Warsaw in the name of that democratic government. They stop their advance and allowed the Germans to smash the Uprising. And Germans did. In atrocious and merciless way. Doctor Zofia Lejmbach and her medical teams did what they could, in indescribable circumstances. In Wola district was a hospital full of wounded Polish fighters. Zofia Lejmbach was wounded herself but not seriously and turns all her attention to treating the boys of the Uprising. She got a news that Nazi units just massacred another hospital killing all medical staff and patients. Somehow was able to commandeer a large horse drawn carriage and filled it with her patients and escaped the inevitable death taking them through the ruins to her father estate outside of Warsaw, in Skorosie. By the time they have settled in that estate – the Uprising was over. The Germans ordered the rest of the entire population of Warsaw to live their burning city and long columns of of Warsovians march toward small city of Pruszkow, where the occupiers told them to settle. They could take with them only what they could carry. Behind them was burning Warsaw. When the smoked cleared somewhat – almost nothing was left of the city. Germans burnt and detonated it street by street, house by house.
Scene #3
Nakgba. Year is 1948. Nakba means in Arabic a catastrophe – to be expelled, evicted with no right of return[i]. One of the most pivotal word in describing Palestinian people situation in Palestine. It precedes any other explanations, political and military context. It seats at the very centre, at the core of this tragedy. To be precise is started in 1920 in Haifa, when the British seized Palestinian Arabs houses and property and gave it to Jewish settlers brought by them. The Arabic Palestinians did not even receive any compensation. That process continued through the 1930. But 1948, with the creation of Israel it become massive and on unprecedented scale. It wasn’t just houses, private property – it meant territory. Old Palestine as a huge territory that was home to many groups of people (majority were Palestinians but by 1948 the Jews formed the second largest group) ceased to exist. One of the most prominent symbol of Nakba is a key. Regular, ordinary old type of iron key to an old house. A key that countless of Palestinian families took with them in their long exodus. I remember meeting Palestinian refugees (the original old ones with their children and grandchildren, who were born outside of Palestine) living in Canada, who were showing me their old, rusted key to their lost house in Jerusalem.
Scene #4
Warsaw. The year is 1942. For more than a year all Jews from Warsaw and smaller towns and villages near-by are moved by German authorities to big space in central Warsaw. The infamous Warsaw Ghetto. At its height the Ghetto housed closed to 0.5 million Warsaw’s Jews. It was separated by walls and gates from the rest of Warsaw (so called ‘Aryan side’). The time comes for Germans to start in earnest their satanic ‘Final Solution’. Who didn’t die of hunger or wasn’t shot by Hitler’s henchmen at the slightest opportunity – was going to be deported to Treblinka near Auschwitz. To gas chambers. Long lines of tired and sick people formed columns and march to train station under the watchful eye of the oppressors. Those, who were too weak to march or have fallen down while marching are dealt by German soldiers and Jewish Judenrat (Jewish local administration and police formation organized forcefully by German authorities) – by a blow to the head or single shot. The end of Jewish existence in Warsaw – existence spanning hundreds of years.
Scene #5
Year is 1945. Soviet Union is in full control of huge territories of Eastern Poland (parts of today Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine). The Yalta Conference of Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin decided to change the borders on Central and Eastern Europe on a massive scale. None of the countries involved were consulted and none of the millions of people were asked their opinion. It was truly a march of nations. Since the end of Middle Ages Kingdom of Poland had its borders expanded through treaties, dynastical agreements and wars eastward. The new Polish Republic from 1918 to 1945 did not hold as massive eastern territories as did the Kingdom. But territories were Polish element was in majority or very close to it – were still part of Poland. The Vilnius District, western Belarus and Western Ukraine were considered as the centres of Polish science, art and culture (especially Lvov and Vilnius with its highly regarded universities). Now the old world collapsed. Millions of Poles were expatriated from lands and homes they lived in for generations. The entire immediate and extended family on my father side pack what they could, left their houses and cemeteries where generations of their grandfathers were buried. I remember them all very well. They – as the old Palestinians from Jerusalem – never forget their cities: Vilnius, Lvov, Sluck, Luck … Big part of my heart is in Vilnius, too.
Scenie #6
Year is 2023. Now. Gaza in tiny scrap of land of new Palestine. Very narrow bridgehead strip squeezed between Meditearrean Sea and Israel . One of the most populated piece of land in the world. Separated by Israel from larger piece of land govern by Palestinian Authority in Ramallah in West Bank. That separation made it practically impossible by the Authority to exercise control of Gaza (internationally the Palestinian Authority is recognized as representative political and administrative body of all Palestinian territory: West Bank and Gaza) and allowed for much more aggressive movement of Hamas to take control of Gaza. Hamas political arm become radicalized and it’s armed forces are closer today to jihadist ideas than to original goals of Palestinians struggle for independence.
On the 7 of October Hams launched an attack on Israeli town near Gaza killing hundreds of people (the number of executed Israelis in in the vicinity was 1200 victims) and taking hundreds more back to Gaza. The atrocity and extremely brutal way of conducting the operation stunned the world. It’s incomprehensible to understand how such an operation was possible to succeed given the military prowess of Israelis armed forces and once that attacked commenced that it was allowed to continue for hour on end. Basically speaking the government of Israel was totally missing in action and failed to protect its land and citizens. Once the attackers returned to Gaza, Israel Forces begun full military operation. For weeks Gaza was subject to non-stop bombardment of air forces, artillery and missiles. It was immediately clear that civilian casualties will be very high. Israel cut off all contact of Gaza with external world, cut off food, water, fuel and medicine supplies. People who were trying to leave in this tiny strip of land from north to south were subjected to air attacks. The civilian casualties were growing day by day. First by hundreds, than by thousands. Women and children. Old and sick. Non ending groups of people trying to escape bombardment and death, with meagre belongings hauled first by cars (until fuel run out), on foot, with crying children, with elderly. In search of food, fresh water. On a journey to nowhere. No escape. Some tried to look for safety in hospitals. To no avail – the hospitals become target of constant attacks. Foreign doctors from UN, Red Cross and Doctors Without Borders become victims themselves, some were murdered by Israeli strikes. Hospitals started running out of basic medicine, finally the fuel run out. Some doctors described how they were being shot by Israeli snipers. Scenes like from Dante’s Inferno . The world watches still in disbelieve. Thousands of children were being murdered and their bodies are being placed in shallow mass graves. As the world watches. Every possible law of war is broken. Crimes against civilians, hospitals and humanity are being committed daily. And the world watches. One of Netanyahu cabinet ministers publicly demanded that an atomic bomb be dropped on Gaza. I thought that the world went crazy, no stop. And that minister is still a minister in Israel’s government. More or less the Palestinians in Gaza were dehumanized the way Jews were dehumanized by Hitler’s Germany eighty years ago.
Final reflection: how strangely and sad it is that depending on circumstances a yesterday’s victor becomes an oppressor and oppressor becomes a victim.
[i] United Nation document: https://www.un.org/unispal/about-the-nakba/#:~:text=The%20Nakba%2C%20which%20means%20%E2%80%9Ccatastrophe,the%201948%20Arab%2DIsraeli%20war.
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